A legitimation is a document that someone can use to prove their entitlement to something. A legitimation shows what someone is entitled to, not who they are.
A legitimation document usually contains a passport photo, the holder's name, the name of the institution that issued the document, a date of birth, a gender, and a description of what the person is entitled to.
A legitimation document is not the same as an identity document, such as a passport. So when a police officer asks you to "legitimize yourself," that is actually incorrect; they likely want you to identify yourself.
Examples of legitimation documents include:
Almost all legitimation documents contain a passport photo that must be a good likeness of the person. The passport photo does not always have to meet official requirements, except for the driver's license.
In certain cases, you have an obligation to show a legitimation document, which is different from an obligation to identify yourself.
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